A Confidential Frenemy/Transcript

Dennis: A quotation is the repetition of a sentence, phrase, or passage from speech or text that someone has said or written.

Red: In oral speech, it is the representation of an utterance (i.e. of something that a speaker actually said) that is introduced by a quotative marker, such as a verb of saying.

Master Toon: For example: John said: "I saw Mary today".

Dennis: Quotations in oral speech are also signaled by special prosody in addition to quotative markers.

Master Toon: In written text, quotations are signaled by quotation marks. Red: Master Toon. If you know about thinks about it.

Master Toon: Quotations are often used as a literary device to represent someone's point of view.

Red: They are also widely used in spoken language when an interlocutor wishes to present a proposition that they have come to know via hearsay.

Master Toon: A quotation can also refer to the repeated use of units of any other form of expression, especially parts of artistic works: elements of a painting, scenes from a movie or sections from a musical composition.

Victor Pockets: In syntactic terms, these direct quotations can be presented in two forms.

Red: The first is as the complement of a quotative verb (e.g. Marie said: "My brother has arrived"), and the second being as a head clause with a quotative adjunct (e.g. "My brother has arrived", Marie announces).

Victor Pockets: The verb phrase can be further expanded to include a complement, such as: "They'll never make it!"